Madzi Otayira Ochokera M'madzi: Magwero, Kapangidwe ndi Makhalidwe Ofunika
Chiyambi
Utoto wochokera m'madzi (wopangidwa ndi madzi) wakhala muyezo wa mafakitale onse omalizidwa ndi zitsulo, magalimoto, mipando, zokutira zozungulira ndi magawo ena ambiri, motsogozedwa ndi malamulo a VOC ndi kulimbitsa zofunikira zachilengedwe. Amachotsa kwambiri mpweya woipa wa zosungunulira panthawi yogwiritsa ntchito - koma amasuntha vutoli kupita patsogolo. Madzi otayira omwe amapangidwa chifukwa cha kupanga utoto ndi ntchito zopaka utoto ndi amodzi mwa njira zovuta kwambiri zamafakitale zothetsera vutoli: ndi okhazikika, osungunuka kwambiri, sangawonongeke bwino komanso ali ndi utoto wambiri.
Madzi otayidwa okha asanasankhidwe asanagwiritsidwe ntchito, ayenera kumvedwa bwino. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza komwe madzi otayidwa opangidwa ndi utoto wamadzi amachokera komanso makhalidwe asanu omwe amafotokozera momwe amachitira pochiza.
Kodi Madzi Otayira Ochokera ku Utoto wa Madzi Amachokera Kuti?
Madzi otayira utoto ochokera m'madzi amapangidwa m'magawo awiri akuluakulu opanga. Mu zomera zambiri, mitsinje iwiriyi imaphatikizidwa kukhala madzi amodzi "otayira" asanayambe kukonzedwa.
1. Njira zopangira utoto ndi madzi otayira
Pakupanga utoto, madzi otayira amayamba chifukwa choyeretsa zida zopangira (zosakaniza, ma reactor, mizere yodzaza) ndi kutsuka pansi pa malo ogwirira ntchito. Madzi osambira awa ali ndi ma monomers osakhudzidwa, ma dispersants, zothandizira kupanga filimu ndi zinthu zina zomwe sizinagwirizane mokwanira kapena sizinaphatikizidwe mu chinthu chomaliza.
2. Kupaka utoto wa madzi otayira (pansi pa mtsinje)
Pa mafakitale opaka utoto, madzi otayira amapangidwa pamene malo opopera madzi ozunguliranso madzi asinthidwa komanso pamene mfuti zopopera zimatsukidwa. Mtsinje uwu uli ndi utoto wambiri wokonzedwa bwino, wokonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito, zotsukira ndi zothandizira kuyeretsa — kwenikweni, mtundu wochepetsedwa wa utoto womalizidwawo.
3. Madzi otayira ophatikizana
Pamene njira zopangira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zisakanikirana, zotsatira zake zimakhala madzi otayira opangidwa ndi madzi omwe ubwino wake umasinthasintha nthawi zonse malinga ndi nthawi yopangira, mitundu ya utoto ndi kapangidwe kake.
Makhalidwe Asanu Ofotokozera
1. Kapangidwe kovuta komanso katundu wachilengedwe wosinthasintha kwambiri
Madzi otayira ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zachilengedwe — ma resins, acrylic monomers, dispersants, surfactants, coalescing agents, biocides ndi pigments. Katundu wachilengedwe umasinthasintha kwambiri pakati pa nthawi yopangira ndi nthawi yoyeretsera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kumwa mankhwala nthawi zonse kukhale kovuta.
2. Dongosolo lokhazikika komanso kuchuluka kwa emulsification
Ma surfactants omwewo, ma dispersants ndi zinthu zothandizira kupanga filimu zomwe zimakhazikitsa utoto mu chidebecho zimakhazikitsanso m'madzi. Madzi otayira amapanga emulsion yokhazikika momwe magawo a polymeric ndi pigment amafalikira bwino. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kulekanitsa kosavuta kwa mphamvu yokoka sikugwira ntchito, ndipo chifukwa chake Kuchotsa mphamvu ya mungu ndi nkhondo yoyamba yolimbana ndi matendawa.
3. Kusawonongeka bwino kwa zinthu zachilengedwe komanso kuletsa kwambiri zachilengedwe
Zambiri mwa zinthu zachilengedwe zimalimbana ndi kuukira kwachilengedwe, ndipo zina - makamaka mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mankhwala ochiritsa ndi ma monomers ena - zimaletsa kapena kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Chiŵerengero cha BOD/COD nthawi zambiri chimakhala chochepa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti dongosolo lachilengedwe silingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chithandizo chachikulu popanda mankhwala amphamvu.
4. Mtundu wamphamvu komanso kuchuluka kwa mchere wosinthasintha
Utoto ndi utoto zimapatsa mtundu wolimba, womwe umadalira kapangidwe kake — pinki, wofiira, wofiirira, imvi, wakuda ndi zina zotero. Mchere umasinthasintha malinga ndi njira zopangira ndi zoyeretsera, zomwe zingasokoneze Kuphatikizika kwa Magazi ndi chithandizo cha pambuyo pake.
5. pH yocheperako pang'ono mpaka ya alkaline pang'ono
Mosiyana ndi mitsinje yambiri yamafakitale, madzi otayira utoto ochokera m'madzi nthawi zambiri amakhala opanda mpweya kapena amchere pang'ono (pH 7-8). Izi ndi zabwino mwanjira ina: zikutanthauza kuti asidi kapena alkali yochepa imafunika kuti ibwezeretsedwe.Koma zenera logwira ntchito lopanda mbali (pH 6–7) komwe ma chemical oundana ndi flocculation amachita bwino kwambiri.
Chifukwa Chake Makhalidwe Awa Ndi Ofunika
Khalidwe lililonse limaletsa njira yothandizira:
- amafuna Kuchotsa mphamvu ya mungu (kusokoneza) sitepe isanafike kulekanitsa kulikonse kwa madzi olimba.
- zikutanthauza kuti mankhwala asanakonzedwe ayenera kunyamula katundu waukulu, ndipo mankhwala achilengedwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kupukuta kokha kapena ngati gawo lotsikira pansi lotetezedwa ndi mankhwala asanakonzedwe bwino.
- imafuna mankhwala ochotsera mtundu, osati kungoundana kwachibadwa kokha.
- imalola kuti gulu lonse la mankhwala ligwire ntchito mkati mwa zenera labwino kwambiri lopanda pH komanso mtengo wochepa wosinthira pH.
Poganizira zonsezi, zikulozera ku njira yayifupi yochiritsira mankhwala ofunikira kwambiri m'malo mwa chomera chachilengedwe.
Mapeto
Madzi otayira utoto ochokera m'madzi amapangidwa nthawi zonse popanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, ndipo makhalidwe ake ofunikira - kapangidwe kovuta, kukhazikika kwa emulsification, kuwonongeka kwa biogradable, mtundu wambiri komanso pH yosalowerera - ndizomwe zimapangitsa chisankho chilichonse chotsatira cha chithandizo. Kumvetsetsa mfundo zazikuluzikulu izi ndi sitepe yoyamba yopita ku ndondomeko ya chithandizo yomwe ndi yaifupi, yachangu komanso yokhazikika.